Presenter(s) Information: Alexis Cantrell, Mariana Berdugo, and Zoe Hogue
Author(s): Alexis Cantrell, Mariana Berdugo, Zoe Hogue, Elizabeth Hasenmyer, Sarah Justice
Chapter: Gamma Eta
College/University: Marian University
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Developing DNA Barcodes for Species Identification of North American Azaleas

Presentation Abstract

Introduction: North American Azaleas are understudied members of the Rhododendron genus. These species remain unexplored due to the lack of availability of published whole-genome sequences. Our long-term goal is to sequence the genomes of the North American Azalea species in the Whipple Azalea Garden at Taylor University. One of the primary challenges in obtaining the complete genome sequence is species identification. This study develops a DNA barcoding strategy to accurately identify subspecies beyond the Rhododendron genus.

Methods: The initial stages of this process include using existing barcode sequences for plants against four genes: ITS4, ITS2, matK, and psbA-trnH. Unfortunately, not all of the barcode sequences are publicly available for the Azalea species in the garden. Existing literature shows that due to the genetic similarity of these species, these four barcodes by themselves are not sufficient to accurately determine species. Once we have all four barcodes sequenced for the ten species in the Azalea garden, we will develop a new barcode sequence using existing genomes from Asian azaleas.

Results: Our preliminary data shows that we can consistently identify the Azaleas as Rhododendron, but there is too high of a degree of sequence identity to differentiate using the canonical barcodes. Current efforts include sequencing and publishing on NCBI the canonical barcodes for all 10 species and determining candidate sequences for new barcodes.

Conclusions: Upon successful development of these new barcodes, we will use whole genome sequencing of individuals from each of the ten species and some interspecies hybrids from the garden. In addition to the molecular work being completed at Marian, collaborators at Taylor University are collecting phenotypic data from the garden. Completion of these genomes and analysis comparing genotype and phenotype data will permit future studies on the genetics of flower color, bloom time, and other Azalea traits.

Presenter(s) Information: Michelle Le
Author(s): Michelle Le, BA*, Benjamin C Jellen, PhD*, and Justin Elden, BS
Chapter: Gamma Chi
College/University: University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St. Louis
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Analysis of the Pheromonal Trailing Ability of Various Neonate Snakes

Presentation Abstract

Abstract witheld by request

Presenter(s) Information: Dylan Troglen
Author(s): Dylan Troglen Alexandra Tamerius
Chapter: Gamma Eta
College/University: Marian University
Subject Area of Presentation: Physical Sciences

Presentation Title

Monitoring Metal Exchange in Hemin via UV-Vis

Presentation Abstract

Hemin (iron(III) protoporphyrin IX chloride) is an essential complex molecule in red blood cells. This complex is vital for oxygen transport in hemoglobin and often appears in fields spanning medicine, food science, and forensic chemistry. Hemin’s demetallation yields protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), which can then be remetallated with other transition metals, such as zinc, to form zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP). ZnPP formation is a marker in conditions like iron deficiency anemia and lead poisoning. Here, we investigated approaches for performing metal exchange in hemin and monitored reactions using UV-Vis. This synthetic protocol is being developed for the creation of an organometallic experiment in an undergraduate laboratory that showcases both advanced synthetic techniques and redox chemistry. This method offers a robust framework for synthesizing and characterizing important protoporphyrin derivatives which have biochemical and clinical applications.

Presenter(s) Information: Riham Jameel
Author(s): Jameel, R., Griffith, A., Borrud, C., Shreonty, A., Hamidi, S., Morris, A., Strand K., PhD
Chapter: Gamma Gamma
College/University: Concordia College
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Using EthoVision Deep Learning to Measure the Effect of Vivaldi Music Enrichment on Zebrafish Behavior

Presentation Abstract

We used the recently added deep learning feature in the behavior tracking software EthoVision 17 (Noldus) to evaluate the effects of Vivaldi music on adult male and female wildtype zebrafish during the novel tank and novel object recognition tests. Zebrafish were housed in shoals in glass tanks under standard water and lighting conditions. Subjects were transferred to smaller temporary containers the morning of individual testing in each apparatus. Half of the 90 fish in our study were tested without music enrichment in the morning, followed by repeated testing with music enrichment in the afternoon. The reverse schedule was used for the second cohort on alternating days. Selections from Vivaldi’s The Four Seasons in major keys were delivered centrally below each testing tank using piezo speakers controlled by a computer. We will share the results of our analysis using a generalized linear mixed model approach. Preliminary analysis shows that music enrichment did not affect overall movement of the fish during behavior testing, but did have an effect on object recognition outcomes in the novel object recognition test.

Presenter(s) Information: Caitlin Haasser and Peter Weinzierl
Author(s): Caitlin E. Haasser, Maria C. Ramstad, Peter J. Weinzierl, Katie P. Waugh, and Joseph C. Whittaker
Chapter: Gamma Gamma
College/University: Concordia College
Subject Area of Presentation: Environmental Sciences

Presentation Title

The Fall and Rise of a Richardson’s Ground Squirrel Population: Using Translocation as a Supplement to Recovery

Presentation Abstract

Richardson’s ground squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii; RGS) is the second-largest ground squirrel in Minnesota. Living colonially, these squirrels play a significant ecological role as prey, and as ecosystem engineers through burrowing, soil cycling, and creating important habitat for a variety of species. Throughout Minnesota they have undergone significant population decline, and a large mortality event occurred during 2022 in one of the state’s largest populations. Concerns regarding

the long-term viability of this reduced and isolated population, have led to discussion of employing genetic rescue to help the population recover. Genetic rescue and translocation of individuals from outside the population are usually only considered when populations become critically low and endangered. However, recent research has supported the benefits of proactively using nearby populations, adapted to similar environmental conditions, to safely reinforce an at-risk population before they become critically endangered. To test the potential for translocation to help reestablish a healthy population, we live trapped two juvenile male ground squirrels at a private site and reintroduced them with radio collars to assess the success of the translocation. After their translocation, their dispersal and establishment were tracked via radio telemetry. Location data were mapped to establish areas of movement for each squirrel. As a reference for these two relocated individuals, one resident squirrel was collared as well. The dispersal areas for the two relocated individuals were substantially larger than the area of the resident individual. In the future, we hope to conduct additional translocations, track movements, and monitor changes to the population.

Presenter(s) Information: Daniel Flores
Author(s): Daniel Flores, Byron Meade
Chapter: Beta Xi
College/University: University of Pikeville
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Landscape context influences RFID-measured foraging activity of commercial Bombus impatiens colonies

Presentation Abstract

Habitat fragmentation and agricultural intensification have reduced the availability of natural forage for pollinators across North America, increasing reliance on managed bee colonies for crop pollination. We investigated foraging activity of commercial Bombus impatiens colonies across three agricultural and semi-natural environments in eastern Kentucky: an apple orchard, a high-tunnel tomato farm, and a young successional forest. Six commercial colonies (two per site) were deployed, and 300 individual workers were fitted with RFID tags, generating 11,702 recorded entry and exit events over 16-day sampling periods at each location.

Activity rates differed significantly among sites (Kruskal–Wallis χ² = 10.66, df = 2, P = 0.0049). Colonies at the tomato farm exhibited higher activity than both the apple orchard and successional forest, with a mean rate of 12.16 activities h⁻¹ compared to 8.74 and 9.14 activities h⁻¹, respectively. Post hoc Dunn tests confirmed significant differences between the tomato farm and both other locations (P = 0.011–0.012). Negative binomial models further indicated elevated activity at the tomato farm relative to the orchard (estimate = 0.44, P = 0.011), with moderate effect sizes (Cliff’s delta ≈ −0.23).

These results suggest that high-tunnel tomato systems provide conditions that promote increased foraging activity in managed B. impatiens colonies relative to apple orchards and early successional habitats. While commercial colonies may enhance pollination services in protected cropping systems, lower activity in orchards highlights the continued importance of conserving and restoring wild pollinator habitat to support agricultural productivity.

Presenter(s) Information: Samantha Paige Dillion – –
Author(s): Samantha Paige Dillion, Logan Turner, Trevor Tally, Julia Johnson, and Jacob Immel
Chapter: Gamma Kappa
College/University: Southwest Baptist University
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Culturing HeLa Cells to Test and Analyze the Cytotoxicity of Linsitinib as a Possible Therapeutic Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Presentation Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive form of cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, making it unresponsive to common targeted therapies. This results in poor prognoses for TNBC patients. TNBC cells exhibit up-regulation of several signaling pathways, primarily the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase, and NF-κB pathways. The organic compound Crambescidin 800 (C800) has demonstrated cytotoxic effects on TNBC cells by inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and inhibiting the phosphorylation of these pathways, which are up-regulated in TNBC cells, leading to apoptosis. Previous research revealed that when TNBC cells were treated with C800,suppression of p-mTOR and p-Akt pathways was evident after only three hours of exposure. Our lab found that C800 was inhibiting IGF1R via docking scores using Autodock Vina and a luciferase assay. Given that 22% to 46% of TNBC cells overexpress IGF1R, associated with increased cell proliferation, IGF1R emerges as a promising target for TNBC therapy.

To further test the inhibition of IGF1R, our lab turned to testing the cytotoxicity of Linsitinib, a known IGF-1R inhibiting drug candidate used to treat thyroid cancer and other thyroid-related diseases. The cytotoxicity was tested and analyzed using an MTT cell assay with HeLa cells. HeLa cells also contain the upregulation of IGF1R, making them very useful in testing alongside TNBC cells. Varying concentrations of Linsitinib showed promising results in HeLa cell death. In the future, Linsitinib will be tested against TNBC cells.

Presenter(s) Information: Tracy Cabrera
Author(s): Tracy Cabrera and Manuela Quintana
Chapter: Sigma
College/University: Our Lady of the Lake University
Subject Area of Presentation: Environmental Sciences

Presentation Title

Effects of Citrus and Sweet Compost Treatments on the Growth of Radish Plants

Presentation Abstract

Earthworms play a significant role in maintaining soil health by improving nutrient cycling, soil structure, and overall ecosystem functioning. One commonly used species in composting systems is red worms, Eisenia fetida, which break down organic waste into nutrient-rich castings that enhance soil fertility and support plant growth from their microscopic biomes. However, the type of organic material used in compost can influence earthworm activity and nutrient availability in the soil.

The ongoing process of this study examines how different compost compositions affect the growth and development of radishes. Three soil treatments were tested: citrus compost, sweet compost composed of non-citrus organic waste, and a control consisting of soil without any compost. Radish seeds were planted in each treatment and grown under similar environmental conditions with uniform temperatures. Plant growth was evaluated by measuring germination rate, plant height, root length, radish volume, and leaf color as indicators of plant health and nutrient availability.

It’s hypothesized that radish plants grown in sweet compost would exhibit greater growth and development compared to those grown in citrus compost or control soil. Understanding how compost composition affects plant growth may contribute to improvising sustainable composting practices and soil management strategies.

Presenter(s) Information: Lyric Williams
Author(s): Lyric Williams, Abner Chen, Grace Browning, Dr. Alexandra Tamerius
Chapter: Gamma Eta
College/University: Marian University
Subject Area of Presentation: Physical Sciences

Presentation Title:

Exploratory Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite and Barium Titanate for Potential use in Bioceramic Composites

Presentation Abstract:

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a widely used bioceramic due to its biocompatibility, bioactivity, and composition in natural bone. HA is usually produced using high energy ball milling to ensure homogeneity. In this study, we are exploring pathways to synthesize HA via a controlled solid-state thermal processing route using furnace reactions to compare efficiency. A progressive temperature profile of 500 °C, 700 °C, and 900 °C is employed to systematically evaluate the effect of increasing temperature on phase formation and crystallization behavior.

Following each reaction, one crucible sample is removed, reground to improve powder homogeneity and interparticle contact, and reheated under the same temperature conditions. This iterative grinding and thermal treatment strategy allows for investigation of how repeated processing influences phase formation and crystallinity. Structural characterization is performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to assess hydroxyapatite formation and identify any secondary phases as a function of temperature and reprocessing.

In parallel, Barium titanate (BaTiO₃) is being independently synthesized for future incorporation into HA and beta calcium phosphate-based composites. Due to its well-established piezoelectric properties, BaTiO₃ is of interest for the development of electrically responsive biomaterials that may enhance bone regeneration. Establishing reliable synthesis pathways for both HA and BaTiO₃ provides a foundation for future fabrication of piezoelectric bioceramic composites.

Presenter(s) Information: Theodora Osborne
Author(s): Theodora Osborne, Gary Meints
Chapter: Beta Eta
College/University: Evangel University
Subject Area of Presentation: Physical Sciences

Presentation Title:

2D Solution NMR Reveals Conformational Dynamics of DNA Backbones Surrounding A:G Mismatches

Presentation Abstract:

Mismatches, insertions, alterations, and deletions of nucleotides from a DNA segment can contribute to the onset of severe diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders. While DNA repair enzymes are crucial for reversing these harmful modifications, the molecular mechanisms underlying recognition of mismatches remain largely unknown. It has been previously understood that canonical B-form DNA exists in two substates (BI and BII) whose dynamics likely influence interactions between DNA and its associated proteins. This study investigates the possibility that DNA repair enzymes in the base-excision repair pathway may use changes in the dynamics of backbone phosphate groups, namely the increase in the percentage of phosphates in a BII conformation near the mismatch, to identify its location and initiate the repair process. The backbone dynamics of an A:G mismatch were characterized using solution 1H and 31P 2-dimensional NMR experiments such as NOESY and HSQC. The observed chemical shifts were compared to those of a sequence without the mismatch. The %BI and %BII conformations varied in the nucleotides nearest to the alteration, with a marked increase in %BII near the A:G mismatch. The ΔG of the equilibrium between conformations also varied at the nearby nucleotides. Additionally, the A:G mismatch has been suggested to be pH-dependent, so these sequences were also examined at pH 5 to characterize the extent to which this conformational change is present. The backbone dynamics changed with pH variation, suggesting that there is a definite pH-dependent shift in the A:G mismatch. These findings provide a baseline for the proposal of phosphate recognition as a major player in the base-excision repair pathway. The significance of the A:G phosphate dynamics for enzyme recognition and repair can be confirmed by future studies examining binding strength and rates.

Presenter(s) Information: Megan Wineinger
Author(s): Megan Wineinger and Sarah Langlais
Chapter: Rho
College/University: University of Indianapolis
Subject Area of Presentation: Physical Sciences

Presentation Title

Improved HPLC-based Extraction and Quantification of Capsaicinoids as a Sustainable Source for Nanoparticle Carriers and Comparison with Reported Scoville Heat Units

Presentation Abstract

Capsaicinoids are a family of naturally occurring compounds in peppers responsible for their heat and pungency. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin account for 90% of Capsaicinoids, which are lipophilic alkaloids derived from Capsicum annuum, shown to exhibit medicinal properties including antitumoral activity in breast, liver, and colon cancer and enhanced chemosensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Capsaicinoids activate the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor in sensory neurons found in skin, blood vessels, and lungs. However, despite their health benefits, capsaicinoid research has been severely limited due to poor bioavailability, a short half-life, and harmful side effects, such as extreme irritation due to toxicity. To overcome these challenges, we developed an optimized HPLC-based extraction and quantification methodology for obtaining high levels of purified capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin from fresh, dried, and powdered peppers, including jalapenos, cayenne, habanero, and ghost peppers. Extracted capsaicinoids were compared to analytical standards and reported to Scoville Heat Units for validation. Calibration curves were conducted for quantification and converted to parts per million (ppm), where 1 ppm is approximately 16 Scoville units (SHU). Correlation graphs were generated for each capsaicinoid with corresponding Pearson’s r values. The extracted capsaicinoids were then used as a sustainable source for nanoparticle functionalization to enable increased solubility while decreasing toxicity. Nanoparticle encapsulation significantly increases capsaicinoid solubility, stability, and adsorption rates, functioning as nanoscale carriers. Through our optimized mythology, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were readily obtained and used as ecologically friendly sources for nanoparticle incorporation, improving bioavailability, reducing toxicity, and increasing therapeutic effectiveness for clinical translation.

Presenter(s) Information: Eleanor Puzzo
Author(s): Keelyn Wittenberg, Yuden Dorji, Fatima Mohammed, Favziya Rasulova, Mubina Rasule, Sharon Mac-George Nwabi, Joseph C. Whittaker
Chapter: Gamma Gamma
College/University: Concordia College
Subject Area of Presentation: Environmental Sciences

Presentation Title

Assessing Microplastic Presence in the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Tree and Ground Squirrels (Sciuridae) Across Urban and Rural Environments

Presentation Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are becoming a widespread environmental contaminant with growing implications for wildlife health. The ingestion of MPs has been associated with gastrointestinal blockage, internal abrasions, and altered feeding behavior, potentially reducing nutrient acquisition and overall fitness. Small omnivorous rodents such as squirrels regularly interact with both natural and human-modified environments and may therefore be particularly susceptible to microplastic exposure. This study builds directly on previous work in this system that first documented microplastic ingestion in terrestrial squirrels. We examined the gastrointestinal tracts of multiple squirrel species, including Sciurus carolinensis (eastern gray squirrel) and Ictidomys tridecemlineatus (thirteen-lined ground squirrel), collected from both urban and rural environments. Gastrointestinal tracts from salvaged specimens were digested using a 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution to remove organic material. The remaining material was then vacuum-filtered, and suspected microplastic particles were visually identified and quantified using a dissecting microscope, allowing for the assessment of particle abundance and size. While preliminary observations confirm the presence of microplastics in all examined samples, the number of specimens analyzed was smaller than originally planned. This limited the ability to make definitive conclusions on the presence or absence of microplastics. Building on previous work, this study focuses on refining sample preparation and filtration procedures to improve microplastic recovery and detection consistency. Future work aims to expand sampling across a greater diversity of squirrel species, locations, and individuals, which will enable a more comprehensive understanding of patterns of microplastic ingestion across terrestrial habitats and the factors influencing exposure risk.

Presenter(s) Information: Nevelle Garcia, Madison Perez
Author(s): Nevelle Garcia, Madison Perez, Dr. Chloe Lash
Chapter: Sigma
College/University: Our Lady of the Lake University
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Pathogen and Pesticide Exposure Alters Mortality and Social Interactions in Ants

Presentation Abstract

Ants are eusocial insects, living in colonies that rely heavily on coordinated behavior and pheromones. These densely populated colonies, with high genetic similarity, create environments where pathogen exposure can present significant risks to overall colony health. Ants have evolved unique behavioral and social mechanisms that can help slow down or stop the spread of disease, including aggression toward sick individuals and the removal of colony members. This study investigated how exposure to different pathogen types influences mortality and social interactions among ants.

A total of 1,175 ants were divided into 4 treatment groups: bacterial exposure, fungal exposure, chemical exposure, and a control group. Mortality was monitored daily and dead ants were monitored for post-mortem microbial growth to identify the presence of bacterial and fungal colonies as cause of death. Ants of varying infection levels, sizes, and colony roles were removed from their treatment group and placed together. In this new group, their interactions were observed to determine if pathogens influenced behavioral patterns of aggression, avoidance, or corpse management. These behaviors were then scored using a behavioral analysis scale.

Mortality differed across treatments and microbial growth was observed in plated deceased ants, suggesting infection as the cause of death. Behavioral observations, though still ongoing, revealed that infected ants actually seem to display less aggressive behaviors. These findings emphasize how infection stress may influence both survival and social dynamics within ant colony populations. The observed behavioral responses may represent techniques that help maintain colony health in the presence of pathogens but might be limited when the pathogens are highly virulent.

Presenter(s) Information: Anthony Finch
Author(s): Anthony Finch
Chapter: Rho
College/University: University of Indianapolis
Subject Area of Presentation: Physical Sciences

Presentation Title

Geochemical Characterization of Trace Elements Within Eastern and Midwestern U.S. Coal Deposits

Presentation Abstract

Coal is valued for its energy content, yet it contains many trace elements that remain an emerging resource with increasing economic and environmental significance, particularly in coal waste. This study investigates the spatial distribution of trace elements in coal samples collected from various basins across the United States. This study aims to characterize geochemical signatures across settings. Using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (MP-AES), elemental differentiation from the coal and quantification of elements such as lithium, molybdenum, and palladium are specifically targeted due to their industrial applications. These elements have an increasingly high demand across technology, energy storage, and manufacturing sectors. Through a standardized approach, this research project looks to determine and validate trace element concentrations within different coal deposits. Results from this project will provide insight into the opportunities that coal and its byproducts maintain after combustion and examine differences in trace element distribution across space and time. These waste products can then be considered valuable based on the trace element content of these critically necessary elements.

Presenter(s) Information: Delia Denis, Makena Hedlund
Author(s): Delia Denis, Makena Hedlund, James Rende, Michael Bush, Joseph Whittaker
Chapter: Gamma Gamma
College/University: Concordia College
Subject Area of Presentation: Environmental Sciences

Presentation Title

Bat Detection in Minnesota Urban and Rural Areas Using AudioMoth Recorders

Presentation Abstract

With the rise in white-nose syndrome affecting the populations of bats, it is important to understand how frequently bats are being detected in an area. Knowing this frequency can aid in preserving and restoring habitats in which bats routinely use. This allows us to identify where bats live, hunt, and where white-nose syndrome would most likely spread. Mist netting is a common way to capture and identify bats in an area. However, this method is time consuming, stressful for bats, and requires specific, hard to get permits. Bat detectors, like mist netting, can also collect data regarding species richness This method collects identification calls instead, and does not interfere with or distress the bats. This is achieved using AudioMoths, a recording device that detects bat echolocation. Bat echolocation has specific “swoops” that we can convert and visualize on spectrograms. Ultrasonic sound detectors collect bat call data, including social and feeding calls. This research helps to quantify bat calls in different landscapes in the greater Fargo/Moorhead areas. Acoustic recorders were placed at five locations, simultaneously, with differing landscapes across Clay County, Minnesota. They recorded from 8:30 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. for three nights for two weeks until frost occurred. The data collected suggests that location is a factor in determining the density of bat calls. The results suggest bat calls are denser in rural, forested areas near water in comparison to urban areas. This information provides insight into what environments to focus on in conservation to best help support bat populations.

Presenter(s) Information: Al Sterling
Author(s): Al Sterling
Chapter: Gamma Gamma
College/University: Concordia College
Subject Area of Presentation: Environmental Sciences

Presentation Title

Impacts of Barley on the Survivability of Minnows

Presentation Abstract

Anthropogenic development has been associated with an overwhelming increase in nutrients in many of our nation’s water systems leading to eutrophication and the excess cyanobacterial growth that accompanies it. These cyanobacterial blooms are a recurring problem in freshwater environments that often degrade water quality and produce harmful cyanotoxins. These cyanotoxins have proven to be harmful to the nervous system, liver, kidneys, and are an internal irritant, resulting in the push for finding methods for safely controlling cyanobacteria growth. Recently, the use of barley-derived materials that release algal-inhibiting compounds during decomposition has gained attention as a non-chemical way to control cyanobacteria blooms. Over the course of a two-week period, four tanks of fathead minnows were exposed to environments with varying amounts of barley grain contained in mesh bags in the tanks. The fish were counted and each tank assessed on a daily basis for those two weeks, noting water clarity and level of barley growth. Observations of the patterns of mortality rates, overall physical appearance, and behavioral changes of the fish indicated minimal mortality due to the explicit presence of barley but indicated elevated levels of mortality associated with poor oxygenation of the water due to higher concentrations of barley in the water. The result of this study suggests that barley-based treatments may provide a more natural, non-chemical, method for mitigating cyanobacterial growth while emphasizing the importance of more thorough evaluation of ecological impacts on non-target aquatic species before broader and larger scale application in our water systems.

Presenter(s) Information: Luke Babak
Author(s): Luke Babak, Conner Campbell, Jeevan Govender, Joshua Gomez Mery, Gabriel Nicolas Maurer, Wissal Essafyani, Indra D. Sahu
Chapter: Alpha Beta
College/University: Campbellsville University
Subject Area of Presentation: Physical Sciences

Presentation Title

Studying Periodic Paralysis Disease-Causing Mutation in Potassium Channel Ancillary Subunit KCNE3 in a Lipid Bilayer Membrane using Site-Directed Spin Labeling EPR Spectroscopy

Presentation Abstract

Periodic paralysis is a rare genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of muscle weakness. Certain mutation of KCNE3 (R83H) has been linked to hypokalemic and hyperkalemic conditions, which cause periodic paralysis. R83H is a missense mutation that reduces the KCNE3/Kv3 current density and drastically changes the membrane excitability. These changes lead to a decrease in the potassium activity, less negative resting potential and reduced repolarization of the action potential which is critical processes of protein function. A controversy has been also reported associated whether the R83H mutation of KCNE3 mutation causes periodic paralysis. This disease affects one in every 100,000 people. In this study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) coupled with site-directed spin-labeling (SDSL) has been used to study the effect of R83H mutation on structural dynamics of KCNE3 in lipid bilayers. Residues adjacent to R83H mutation sites were replaced with cysteine and labeled with spin label MTSL. EPR spectral lineshape analysis was performed on spin-labeled KCNE3 constructs (R81C, S82C, K84C, and V85C) to determine side chain mobility and rotational correlation times. These data will be compared between wild type and mutant proteins to reveal any changes in structural dynamics properties of KCNE3 due to the effect of R83H. This study will contribute to resolve the controversy of the role of R83H mutation on periodic paralysis.

Presenter(s) Information: Michaela Mendez
Author(s): Michaela Mendez, Chloe Lash, Briana Hauff Sales
Chapter: Sigma
College/University: Our Lady of the Lake University
Subject Area of Presentation: Environmental Sciences

Presentation Title

Comparative Study of the Benthic Biodiversity of Lake Elmendorf

Presentation Abstract

Freshwater inflow is an important source of nutrients for aquatic systems in natural and urban environments. This natural process influences the structure of benthic communities and fosters a biodiversity of organisms that reside in the sediment of these environments; macro-invertebrates. Just as in natural saltwater, freshwater and brackish water systems, benthic macro-invertebrates in urban bodies of freshwater serve as significant bioindicators which represent the ecological health and functioning of its ecosystems. Elmendorf Lake, located on San Antonio’s west side, has had over a century long history of alterations tied closely to the development of Our Lady of the Lake University’s campus. While there is regular water quality monitoring of the lake, there is little to no record of the lake’s biodiversity to date. To determine the distribution and abundance of Elemendorf Lake’s benthic macro-invertebrate communities, samples were collected across sites along the distance of the lake’s opening to its end. This sampling plan targets benthic invertebrates both at the inflow and outflow points of this urban lake, which has been historically modified to help with flood mitigation in the city. We compared alpha and beta diversity in benthic sampling throughout the lake, identifying some differences by region and some important information related to bioindicators. By evaluating the taxa of macro-invertebrates present in each sample from Elmendorf Lake, which has not been done before, we can contribute to ongoing discussions regarding the effects of the city’s watershed and flood planning on the lake’s ecological composition. Our research will also contribute to larger conversations about urban lake health in human-dominated landscapes.

Presenter(s) Information: Tierney Stevenson, Caitlin Haasser
Author(s): Tierney Stevenson, Caitlin Haasser, Reygan McCanna, Maria Ramstad, Mike R. Bush, Joseph C. Whittaker
Chapter: Gamma Gamma
College/University: Concordia College
Subject Area of Presentation: Environmental Sciences

Presentation Title

Relationship Between Richardson’s Ground Squirrel Burrow Condition to Population Size

Presentation Abstract

Richardson’s ground squirrels (RGS, Urocitellus richardsonii) are the largest ground squirrels in northwestern Minnesota prairies and their burrow placement and grooming may have significance regarding population size. Previous research has indicated that ground squirrel burrows are generally placed near visual obstructions. Additionally, the condition of burrows varies over time and use[JW1.1][JW1.2][JW1.3]. Our research sought to determine the significance of burrow attributes and their relationship to population size. We used global navigation satellite system (GNSS) devices to plot burrow location data on ArcGIS[JW2.1] field maps. We collected data about vegetation height, thistle presence, hole diameter, opening direction, and hole condition in three sites around Minnesota with previously estimated population sizes of RGS (Site 1: 23 RGS, Site 2: 21 RGS, and Site 3: 14 RGS). Data for 761 holes was collected from the three sites and JMP was used to determine data significance in comparison to population size. Groomed burrow sites were significantly more abundant in site 1 compared to the other sites indicating a relationship between groomed burrow condition and larger population size. The recently abandoned condition was most common in sites 2 and 3 indicating a relationship between abandoned burrows and smaller population size. Among all three sites, old RGS burrows were least common. We found no significance in hole diameter and opening direction. In future work, data from thistle presence and vegetation height can be analyzed as we’ve noted interesting trends that may be biologically significant.

Presenter(s) Information: Raquel Velazquez
Author(s): Raquel Velazquez, Miliani Georges, and Chloe Lash
Chapter: Sigma
College/University: Our Lady of the Lake University
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Social Immunity and Grooming Patterns In Red Harvester Ant Colonies In The Presence of Beauveria bassiana

Presentation Abstract

Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria bassiana, are commercially utilized as insecticides against various pests. B. bassiana, which naturally grows in soil, has been utilized as an effective biological alternative to chemical pesticides for its targeted effect on insects. Eusocial insects like ants, including native species, Pogonomyrmex barbatus (the Red Harvester Ant), are often vulnerable to fungal insecticide usage due to the highly dense populations that they live in. However, long before the use of commercial pesticides, ants have evolved a collective defense known as social immunity to prevent, control, and eliminate pathogens posing a threat to the colony. Social immunity includes different behaviors such as grooming, nest cleaning, and removal of infected corpses. In other ant species, when colonies are large, there is an increase in survival rates and grooming behaviors of ants with exposure to B. bassiana. Utilizing experimental colonies of P. barbatus with an emphasis on varying colony sizes, survival and grooming behaviors were investigated in the presence of B. bassiana and control solutions. We found that P. barbatus survival was significantly lower with exposure to B. bassiana, regardless of colony size. We also found in preliminary data that grooming behaviors instances did not increase in the presence of B. bassiana. Based on these findings, no evidence was found to support that the typically studied social immunity behaviors can reduce the spread of disease in the conditions tested here within Red Harvester Ant colonies. Beauveria bassiana, although naturally occurring, poses a danger to P. barbatus as a native ant species once applied, and P. barbatus living in large colonies will not have effective defenses against B. bassiana pesticide usage. This concern is only elevated as invasive ant species dominate the landscape, and new techniques for slowing the spread of invasive species are explored.

Presenter(s) Information: Aidan Kowatch
Author(s): Aidan Kowatch, Dr. Sang-Chul Nam
Chapter: Alpha Psi
College/University: Hillsdale College
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

The Effects of Nicotine on Amyloid and Tau Protein Expressions In Drosophila melanogaster Eyes

Presentation Abstract

Alzheimer’s and other neurological diseases are a rapidly growing epidemic. Alzheimer’s is most common in older adults and is a progressive neurological disease that degrades the neuron structure of the brain. The two main perpetrators associated with brain degradation are amyloid-beta peptides and hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins. Both impede the ability of the brain’s neuronal pathways to function properly and lead to symptoms such as dementia, mood change, and others that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The current focus of medical treatment is the management of symptoms and therapeutic techniques that may reduce their severity. Nicotine presents a possible therapeutic approach to the treatment of these damaging diseases and may allow for the management of the disease symptoms for patients. Nicotine is a naturally occurring chemical and has been used by ancient civilizations to the present day. Our study aimed to assess the effects of nicotine on the expression of amyloid-beta peptides and the Tau protein. We used Drosophila melanogaster as the model organism due to its ability to express both the amyloid-beta and Tau proteins in its eye, which allowed us to quantify the effects of the proteins. Drosophila have eyes that develop similarly to human neurons, and thus made our study more analogous to human brain development. To observe the effect that nicotine would have on the protein expression in the eye, we created a food medium containing three different concentrations of nicotine: 0.0 mg/ml, 0.2 mg/m, and 0.4 mg/ml. Drosophila hybrids were created that contained either the AB42 gene to express amyloid-beta peptide, the Tau or TauSIIA gene to express Tau protein, or the W118 or TauS2A gene, which acted as controls for the study. Specimens were collected and underwent an eye examination, looking at the eye shape, color, size, and texture. Each sample mean was collected, and the average of these means was compared to the average of the other treatment groups. Across all three levels of nicotine exposure and all five genetic crosses, the means showed no statistically significant differences. We concluded that nicotine, in the concentrations that we used, did not affect amyloid-beta peptide or Tau protein accumulation on the neurons.

Presenter(s) Information: Emma Rizzuti
Author(s): Emma Rizzuti, Dr. Francis X. Steiner (Ph.D.)
Chapter: Alpha Psi
College/University: Hillsdale College
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Determining the Effects of Bacteriophage K (B-1) on Antibiotic Efficacy in Inhibiting Growth of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 19685)

Presentation Abstract

Phage therapy offers a potential, alternative treatment for MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) bacterial infections by harnessing the bactericidal effects of naturally occurring viruses called bacteriophages (phages). Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, pathogenic bacterium that poses a growing threat to healthcare systems due to its ability to develop resistances to even the most effective antibiotics currently in clinical use. In 2024, the World Health Organization designated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) as a high priority bacterial pathogen for research and discovery of new treatments, a designation MRSA has held for almost a decade. This project aimed to determine the effects of combining bacteriophage with two different antibiotics to inhibit S. aureus (ATCC 19685) growth. An in vitro (96-well microtiter plate) approach derived from the Appelman’s protocol was used to determine whether a synergistic relationship exists between bacteriophage K (B-1) and vancomycin or daptomycin in inhibiting planktonic S. aureus (ATCC 19685) growth. Comparison of average OD660nm absorbance data from each plate showed that the presence of bacteriophage K resulted in a lowering of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both vancomycin and daptomycin against S. aureus 19685 by 1-2 dilution factors. These trends suggest that a combined treatment method of bacteriophage and antibiotic might lower the antibiotic dosage concentrations required to treat S. aureus infections in clinical settings. This potential treatment approach could possibly reduce the likelihood of the development of antibiotic resistances and invites further investigation into the benefits of combining bactericidal agents with different mechanisms of action. Due to limitations on statistical analyses in this project, further research and in vivo studies would be required to assess the potential for clinical application.

Presenter(s) Information: Seema Mustafa
Author(s): Seema Mustafa, Gabriella Castro and Riley Duppong
Chapter: Gamma Gamma
College/University: Concordia College
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Determining Alternative Antibiotic Efficiency in SFG Rickettsial Infections

Presentation Abstract

Abstract witheld by request.

Presenter(s) Information: Valerie Morales
Author(s): Valerie Morales, Dr. Chloe Lash, Dr. James Hall
Chapter: Sigma
College/University: Our Lady of the Lake University
Subject Area of Presentation: Environmental Sciences

Presentation Title

American Buffalo and the microbiomes they support

Presentation Abstract

American Buffalo also known by the scientific name Bison bison, were estimated to have populated the Americas by the millions. They have existed in North America for over 130,000 years and early European explorers estimated buffalo numbers to be between 30-60 million. Even though American buffalo are considered functionally extinct in the wild, studies show that they can play a vital role in soil and land restoration efforts. Modern efforts to restore soils depleted from agriculture have led scientists to look back at the relationships between American buffalo and how they can help retore soils. Buffalo grazing is found to stimulate plant growth and soils treated with bison excrement have higher levels of nitrogen and cycle nitrogen faster than those grazed by domestic cattle. In this study, we examine and compare microbiomes of soils that have been exposed to bison and those that have not. The samples will be gathered from twelve sites on a property outside San Antonio, TX in a town called Floresville. Six were exposed to buffalo urine and feces and six of soil that has not been exposed to buffalo. Petri dishes of agar were then inoculated with diluted samples to look at bacteria diversity and population sizes. The American buffalo on this property have lived on site for almost a year as of March 2026. These buffalo are a larger part of a project aimed at rematriation of the region for the purpose of connecting indigenous communities with the land and culture through land restoration. Capturing a profile of soils during reintroduction of buffalo can help scientists understand fully the way they support their ecosystem.

Presenter(s) Information: Lucia Ruchti
Author(s): Lucia Ruchti and Angelica Pytel
Chapter: Alpha Psi
College/University: Hillsdale College
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

The effects of Roundup® on behavioural responses of crayfish, Faxonius virilis, in both dyadic social interactions and the righting reflex

Presentation Abstract

Roundup® is the most used herbicide in the world. Its active ingredient, glyphosate, is increasingly detected in freshwater systems across the United States along with its primary metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Although glyphosate was initially considered safe for non-target organisms because it inhibits the plant-specific shikimate pathway, its ecological effects on non-target aquatic-organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations remain limited. This study examined whether concentrations of glyphosate (8.1 µg/L) and AMPA (5.6 µg/L), comparable to those currently detected in U.S. streams and rivers, affect crayfish behaviour. Faxonius virilis were exposed to glyphosate, AMPA, or control conditions for six days. Following exposure, agonistic bout behaviour (bout duration and likelihood of fight initiation) and righting reflex duration were measured and analysed. No significant difference was detected among treatment groups in bout duration and initiation. Righting reflex duration showed a treatment effect; however, post hoc comparisons did not detect significant pairwise differences among groups. Under the conditions tested, current environmental concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA did not produce measurable disruptions in crayfish agonistic behaviour or righting reflex. However, variability within treatments suggests that a larger sample size, chronic exposure, or tissue-level analyses may reveal additional effects not detected under acute conditions.

Presenter(s) Information: Aidan Muñoz
Author(s): Aidan Muñoz & Dr. Katherine Stickney
Chapter: Rho
College/University: University of Indianapolis
Subject Area of Presentation: Physical Sciences

Presentation Title

Statistical Analysis of Lead, Cadmium, and Copper Concentrations Between Organic and Non-Organic Plant/Animal-Based Protein Powders

Presentation Abstract

The ingestion of heavy metals and its consequences on human health have been known for millennia and studied for centuries. In the era of food supplements, where foods are processed into concentrated consumable forms, it is important that these products be subjected to higher quality standards regarding heavy metal contamination as any amount originally present will likewise be concentrated. This includes plant and whey supplements, where metals in the soil can be absorbed into the plant and fed to dairy cows. In conjunction, it may be expected that the difference in metal concentration between supplements produced organically versus those produced non-organically should be negligible as there are no requirements for an organic product to be free of naturally occurring heavy metals. However, there are no federal guidelines regarding quality control testing of supplements. This project seeks to ascertain whether a statistical difference between organic and non-organic plant/animal-based protein powder supplements exists concerning lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) concentrations. This will be done via chemical digestion and instrumental analysis using microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (MP-AES). Any statistical difference may indicate contaminated field crops, which should be addressed at the federal level and made known to supplement manufacturers.

Presenter(s) Information: Aubrey Griffin
Author(s): Aubrey Griffin
Chapter: Gamma Eta
College/University: Marian University
Subject Area of Presentation: Physical Sciences

Presentation Title

Comparison of Effect of Humidity on Regular vs. Extra Strength Acetaminophen through Mass Spectroscopy Analysis

Presentation Abstract

Through this experimentation, it is evident that there is correlation between exposure to humidity and acetaminophen concentration, measured as intensity within mass-spectrophotometry analysis. However, due to the numerous errors within the experimentation, including the presence of an outlier and presence of numerous variables (difference in exterior coating formulation and loss of acetaminophen indicated by expiration dates), it cannot be stated that as the length of exposure to humidity increases, acetaminophen concentration will decrease as a result of chemical degradation. This phenomenon/theory was established by the decrease in acetaminophen intensity as humidity exposure increased in length; this decrease was observed qualitatively by the increased cool colorization compared to warm colorization within mass-spectrophotometry and quantitatively, by the decreased maximum and average values, which was corroborated by the decreased quantity of regions of increased intensity. Additionally, likely in response to the humidity exposure, acetaminophen intensity along the pill exterior significantly decreased, while acetaminophen became increasingly concentrated within the pill interior, providing preliminary evidence of reduced abilities of the exterior coating, including dissolution capabilities, due to chemical degradation. Therefore, it is recommended that within further extermination, this experimentation should be modified and replicated to verify these results and theory, while pursuing additional experimentation that determines and compares the chemical reactions that the acetaminophen, active ingredient, and exterior coating underwent.

Presenter(s) Information: Catherin Blood
Author(s): Catherin Blood, Dr. Teresita Mungula
Chapter: Sigma
College/University: Our Lady of the Lake University
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

The Investigation of the differences in antibacterial activity and chemical analysis of stems, leaves and roots of Ambrosia trifida against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Presentation Abstract

Plants produce phytochemicals that can protect them against bacteria, viruses and fungi. In this study we predict that Ambrosia trifida, commonly known as giant ragweed, contains antimicrobial components effective against S. epidermidis and E. coli. The growing resistance of human pathogens to antibiotics makes it imperative that we find alternative sources of bioactive molecules. We aim to create a library of different types of plants that could have antimicrobial activity. Samples of Ambrosia trifida were collected, and the stems, leaves and roots differentiated to test the difference, if any, of biocidal activity against E. coli and S. epidermidis. The results indicate that there were no difference in bioactivity between the various plant parts and that A. trifida demonstrated more activity against S. epidermidis than E. coli.

Presenter(s) Information: Bethany Garr
Author(s): Bethany Garr, Sofia Diaz De Villegas, Lauren Fuess
Chapter: Sigma
College/University: Our Lady of the Lake University
Subject Area of Presentation: Environmental Sciences

Presentation Title

Understanding the effects of varying light intensity on coral bleaching using the Cnidarian model system Aiptasia

Presentation Abstract

Coral bleaching is largely driven by environmental stressors such as increasingly high ocean temperatures and elevated light intensity. This phenomenon is known to weaken coral health, dissolve reefs, and ultimately disrupt intricate marine ecosystems. To better understand how light intensity affects the physiology of coral’s symbiotic relationship with algae, this study uses the Cnidarian model system Exaiptasia diaphana. This paralleled model system is a widely accepted proxy for coral research due to anemone’s shared innate immune system and similar symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates. In this experiment, anemones were exposed to high-light and low-light for a duration of five weeks. Throughout the trial, mortality, symbiont density, and multiple immune parameters such as catalase activity, melanin concentration, and total phenoloxidase were accessed to evaluate stress response. Across all measured metrics, light intensity did not produce statistically significant results, suggesting that the experimental duration may have been too short or that the anemones acclimated to the light treatments within the given experimental timeframe. These findings offer great preliminary data for future, more extensive experiments seeking to utilize the Cnidarian modeling system to study coral bleaching. Additionally, the metrics used in this study supply useful information for husbandry practices geared towards keeping healthy lab populations of Aiptasia anemones. For future iterations of this experiment, a wider array of light variables would likely yield statistically significant results.

Presenter(s) Information: Margo Greyvenstein
Author(s): Dr. Andres F Gutierrez Viveros, Margo Greyvenstein, Madison Haggard, Jacob Mizera, Aubrie Smith, Ismael Alrobaie
Chapter: Gamma Eta
College/University: Marian University
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Genomic-Wide Association Study of Salt Tolerance in the model leguminous plant Medicago truncatula

Presentation Abstract

Legumes such as soybean, the second largest agricultural crop in Indiana, provide significant ecological benefits as they form symbiotic relationships with soil microorganisms and fix atmospheric nitrogen, reducing fertilizer dependence, supporting more sustainable agricultural systems. However, legumes generally exhibit relatively low salinity tolerance, limiting plant fitness and yield. This concern is increasing as soil salinity expands globally.

Our research aims to identify genetic loci associated with salt tolerance in M. truncatula using Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). As M. truncatula is a legume native to the Mediterranean region and closely related to the cover crop alfalfa. It is a robust research model with extensive genetic and genomic resources, including a well-annotated 400 Mb genome. By phenotyping the M. truncatula HapMap population, this analysis will provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying salt tolerance and contribute to the development of more resilient and economically important crop varieties.

The M. truncatula HapMap dataset has already been used to investigate genetic mechanisms associated with cadmium and mercury tolerance, and other biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite these advances, relatively few studies have identified candidate genes related to salt tolerance in legumes. Studying the genetic basis of salt tolerance during germination and plant development in M. truncatula could provide valuable insights for improving related crop species. We collect phenotypic data from seed germination tests under varying salt concentration and grow the same M. truncatula accessions as mature plants under salt treatments. These datasets will be used to perform a GWAS to identify candidate genomic regions associated with salt tolerance during both germination and plant development.

A key next step in the GWAS pipeline is validating candidate regions by evaluating genes previously associated with salt tolerance in legumes and common beans. We are currently testing primers and plan to collect PCR data in the coming months.

Presenter(s) Information: Luna Holley
Author(s): Luna Holley, Clark Chustz, Jada Radford, Dr. Makayla Lancaster, Dr. Graham
Chapter: Gamma Eta
College/University: Marian University
Subject Area of Presentation: Life Sciences

Presentation Title

Investigating exercise to mitigate muscle dysfunction in SUCLA2 KO models within EDL vs SOL

Presentation Abstract

Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders characterized by reduced ATP production and disrupted cellular energy metabolism. Because skeletal muscles have high energetic demands, mitochondrial dysfunction commonly presents as muscle weakness and exercise intolerance. One cause of mitochondrial disease is SUCLA2 deficiency, which impairs succinyl-CoA synthetase, a key enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that supports substrate-level phosphorylation and overall mitochondrial function. In mouse models with skeletal muscle–specific SUCLA2 deficiency, these mitochondrial defects contribute to altered metabolism and reduced muscle performance.

This project investigates whether exercise can mitigate muscle dysfunction in SUCLA2-deficient mice and whether responses differ between the oxidative soleus (SOL) and the more glycolytic extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Foundational work for this project demonstrated that while the EDL exhibited minimal phenotypes, the SOL muscle from SUCLA2-deficient mice exhibited reduced force production and slower contraction and relaxation kinetics, along with increased mitochondrial content and lipid accumulation. These findings suggest compensatory metabolic remodeling in SOL, which informed my hypothesis that exercise will improve muscle function in SUCLA2-deficient mice, with greater improvement in SOL compared to EDL due to its enhanced oxidative capacity.

As a preliminary step, computational testing was utilized to form the hypothesis by overlapping previously identified metabolites with metabolites reported in literature from patients with mitochondrial disease. This comparison will help determine whether SOL and EDL display a disease-relevant metabolic signature and whether pathways associated with energy metabolism are differentially affected. These findings will guide future in vivo experiments in collaboration with the IU School of Medicine, including voluntary wheel running, to directly test whether exercise improves muscle function and whether adaptations differ between muscle fiber types.

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